Revisi per 26 September 2011 14.49 sunting 182.8.145.189 (dopokan) Gawé kaca sing isi 'diare penyakit musiman'		Revisi per 27 September 2011 01.49 sunting batalna StefanusRA (dopokan \| kontrib) 10.001 suntingan cTanpa ringkesan besutan Suntingan sing lewih anyar →
Baris 1: {{terjemahna}} ~~diare penyakit musiman~~ {{kotak info penyakit \| Name = Diare \| ICD10 = A09, K58, K59.1 \| ICD9 = 009.2-009.3, 558.9, 564.5 \| }} '''Diare''' (atau dalam bahasa kasar disebut '''menceret''') (BM = diarea; Inggris = diarrhea) adalah sebuah [[penyakit]] di mana penderita mengalami rangsangan [[buang air besar]] yang terus-menerus dan [[tinja]] atau feses yang masih memiliki kandungan [[air]] berlebihan. Di [[Negara berkembang\|Dunia ke-3]], diare adalah penyebab kematian paling umum kematian balita, dan juga membunuh lebih dari 1,5 juta orang per tahun. == Penyebab == Kondisi ini dapat merupakan [[simtoma\|gejala]] dari luka, [[penyakit]], [[alergi]] ([[fructose]], [[lactose]]), memakan makanan yang asam,pedas,atau bersantan secara berlebihan, dan kelebihan [[vitamin C]] dan biasanya disertai sakit perut, dan seringkali [[mual]] dan [[muntah]]. Ada beberapa kondisi lain yang melibatkan tapi tidak semua gejala diare, dan definisi resmi medis dari diare adalah [[defekasi]] yang melebihi 200 gram per hari. Hal ini terjadi ketika cairan yang tidak mencukupi diserap oleh [[usus besar]]. Sebagai bagian dari proses [[digestasi]], atau karena masukan cairan, [[makanan]] tercampur dengan sejumlah besar air. Oleh karena itu makanan yang dicerna terdiri dari cairan sebelum mencapai usus besar. Usus besar menyerap air, meninggalkan material yang lain sebagai kotoran yang setengah padat. Bila usus besar rusak / [[radang]], penyerapan tidak terjadi dan hasilnya adalah kotoran yang berair. Diare kebanyakan disebabkan oleh beberapa infeksi [[virus]] tetapi juga seringkali akibat dari racun [[bakteria]]. Dalam kondisi hidup yang bersih dan dengan makanan mencukupi dan air tersedia, pasien yang sehat biasanya sembuh dari infeksi virus umum dalam beberapa hari dan paling lama satu minggu. Namun untuk individu yang sakit atau kurang gizi, diare dapat menyebabkan [[dehidrasi]] yang parah dan dapat mengancam-jiwa bila tanpa perawatan. Diare dapat menjadi gejala penyakit yang lebih serius, seperti [[disentri]], [[kolera]] atau [[botulisme]], dan juga dapat menjadi indikasi sindrom kronis seperti [[penyakit Crohn]]. Meskipun penderita [[apendisitis]] umumnya tidak mengalami diare, diare menjadi gejala umum radang usus buntu. Diare juga dapat disebabkan oleh konsumsi [[alkohol]] yang berlebihan, terutama dalam seseorang yang tidak cukup makan. == Gejala == Gejala yang biasanya ditemukan adalah buang air besar terus menerus disertai mual dan muntah. Tetapi gejala lainnya yang dapat timbul antara lain [[pegal]] pada [[punggung]],dan perut berbunyi. == Perawatan == Perawatan untuk diare melibatkan pasien mengonsumsi sejumlah air yang mencukupi untuk menggantikan yang hilang, lebih baik bila dicampur dengan [[elektrolit]] untuk menyediakan [[garam]] yang dibutuhkan dan sejumlah [[nutrisi]]. Untuk banyak orang, perawatan lebih lanjut dan medikasi resmi tidak dibutuhkan. Diare di bawah ini biasanya diperlukan pengawasan medis: * Diare pada balita * Diare menengah atau berat pada anak-anak * Diare yang bercampur dengan darah. * Diare yang terus terjadi lebih dari 2 minggu. * Diare yang disertai dengan penyakit umum lainnya seperti [[sakit perut]], [[demam]], kehilangan berat badan, dan lain-lain. * [[Diare traveler\|Diare pada orang bepergian]] (kemungkinan terjadi infeksi yang eksotis seperti parasit) * Diare dalam institusi seperti rumah sakit, perawatan anak, institut kesehatan mental. <!-- == Mekanisme == To evacuate the contents of the lower digestive tract, the fluidity of the contents of the small and large intestines is increased. [[Active transport]] of Na<sup>+</sup> back into the gut initiates a reverse sodium transport. This causes both [[chlorine\|Cl<sup>-</sup>]] and [[bicarbonate\|HCO<sub>3</sub>]] to follow passively, as well as water. Now in the intestines, the water dilutes toxins as well as triggers contractions of the intestine due to increase in intestinal distension. These contractions push the contents of the lower GI tract towards and out of the anal canal. [[Medication]]s such as [[loperamide]] are designed to prevent such contractions in response to the distension, and should not be used to prevent diarrhea. Such inhibition actually prolongs the infection or irritation, and can cause a worsening over time because the evacuation of the bowel contents has been delayed. == Diare akut == This may be defined as diarrhea that lasts less than 2 weeks, and is also called [[gastroenteritis]]. This can nearly always be presumed to be infective, although only in a minority of cases is this formally proven. It is often reasonable to reassure a patient, ensure adequate fluid intake, and wait and see. In more severe cases, or where it is important to find the cause of the illness, stool cultures are instituted. The most common organisms found are [[Campylobacter]] (an organism of animal origin), [[salmonella]] (also often of animal origin), [[Cryptosporidiosis]] (animal origin), [[Giardia Lamblia]] (lives in drinking water). [[Shigella]] (dysentery) is less common, and usually human in origin. [[Cholera]] is rare in Western countries. It is more common in travelers and is usually related to contaminated water (its ultimate source is probably sea water). [[Escherichia coli]] is probably a very common cause of diarrhea, especially in travelers, but it can be difficult to detect using current technology. The types of E. coli vary from area to area and country to country. [[Virus]]es, particularly [[rotavirus]], are common in children. (Viral diarrhea is probably over-diagnosed by non-doctors). The [[Norwalk virus]] is rare. Toxins and food poisoning can cause diarrhea. These include [[Staphylococcus\|staphylococcal]] toxin (often milk products due to an infected wound in workers), and Bacillus cereus (eg rice in Chinese takeaways). Often "food poisoning" is really salmonella infection. Parasites and worms sometime cause diarrhea but often present with weight loss, irritability, [[rash]]es or anal itching. The most common is [[pinworm]] (mostly of nuisance value rather than a severe medical illness). Other worms, such as [[hookworm]], ascaria, and [[tapeworm]] are more medically significant and may cause weight loss, anemia, general unwellness and allergy problems. [[Amoebic dysentery]] due to ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'' is an important cause of bloody diarrhea in travelers and also sometimes in western countries which requires appropriate and complete medical treatment. ==Chronic diarrhea== ===Infective diarrhea=== It is not uncommon for diarrhea to persist. Diarrhea due to some organisms may persist for years without significant long term illness. More common == Perawatan diare == # Jaga hidrasi dengan [[elektrolit]] yang seimbang. Ini merupakan cara paling sesuai di kebanyakan kasus diare, bahkan [[disentri]]. Mengkonsumsi sejumlah besar air yang tidak diseimbangi dengan elektrolit yang dapat dimakan dapat mengakibatkan [[gangguan elektrolitik\|ketidakseimbangan elektrolit]] yang berbahaya dan dalam beberapa kasus yang langka dapat berakibat fatal ([[keracunan air]]). # Mencoba memakan lebih sering tapi dengan porsi yang lebih sedikit. Makan teratu. Jangan makan atau minum terlalu cepat. # [[Intravenous\|Cairan intravenous]]: kadangkala, terutama pada anak-anak, [[dehidrasi]] dapat mengancam-jiwa dan cairan intravenous mungkin dibutuhkan. # [[Terapi rehidrasi oral]]: Meminum solusi gula/garam, yang dapat diserap oleh tubuh. <!-- #[[Opioids]] and their analogs should not be used for infectious diarrhea as they are said to prolong the illness and may increase the risk of a carrier state. Opioids are the most effective antidiarrheals available. Their principal method of action is to inhibit peristalsis. [[Loperamide]], also known as [[Imodium]], is the most commonly used antidiarrheal. Loperamide is chemically related to the drug [[meperidine]] or [[Demerol]], but does not cross the blood-brain barrier and does not appear to induce tolerance or dependence. Other opioids used to control diarrhea (in increasing order of strength) are: [[Lomotil]] ([[diphenoxylate]] with [[atropine]]); [[Lonox]] ([[difenoxin]] with atropine); [[codeine]]; [[opium]] [[tincture]] (laudanum); and [[morphine]]. The most potent opioids are generally reserved for chronic diarrhea (e.g., from complications of [[AIDS]]). #[[Antibiotic]]s: antibiotics may be required if a bacterial cause is suspected and the patient is medically ill. They are sometimes also indicated for workers with carrier states in order to clear up an infection so that the person can resume work. Parasite-related diarrhea (e.g. [[giardiasis]]) require appropriate antibiotics. Antibiotics are not routinely used, as the cause is rarely bacterial and antibiotics may further upset intestinal flora and ''worsen'' rather than improve the diarrhea. ''[[Clostridium difficile]]''-associated diarrhea and [[pseudomembranous colitis]] is often caused by antibiotic use. #Dietary manipulation: in particular, patients with [[Coeliac disease \| celiac disease]] should avoid wheat products. Patients with [[Irritable Bowel Syndrome]] can make dietary changes to prevent the over-reaction of their gastrocolic reflex that results in diarrhea. Having soluble fiber foods and supplements, substituting soy or rice products for dairy, being careful with fresh fruits and vegetables that are high in insoluble fiber, and eating regular small amounts can all help to lessen the symptoms of IBS (Van Vorous 2000). Foods and beverages to be avoided or minimized include red meat, oily or fatty (and fried) products, dairy (even when there is no lactose intolerance), solid chocolate, coffee (regular and decaffeinated), alcohol, carbonated beverages (especially those also containing sorbitol) and artificial sweeteners (Van Vorous 2000). Several of the most common dietary triggers are well-established by clinical studies at this point; research has shown that IBS patients are hypersensitive to fats, insoluble fibers, and fructose (Caldarella, 2005; Whorwell, 1994; Choi, 2003). #[[Hygiene]] and isolation: Hygiene is important in limiting spread of the disease. #It is claimed that some fruit, such as [[banana]]s, [[mango]]es, [[papaya]] and [[pineapple]] may have positive effects on this condition. Bananas have the merits of being easily obtainable, and they are unlikely to have any other significant unwanted side effects. Bananas and mangoes are high in soluble fiber, which can help regulate water content in the bowel and alleviate diarrhea. Mucilage, which can be obtained in capsule form, may be helpful for the same reason. [[Mucilage]] can also be used as cereal for babies, as it is easily digested. The high acid content of pineapple may make this food a bad choice for people suffering from chronic diarrhea. #Hamburgers: An urban myth is that eating a hamburger a week will keep one regular. --> == Deleng uga == * [[Konstipasi]] * [[Oralit]] * [[Maag]] == Referensi == * Caldarella, M. ''Visceral Sensitivity and Symptoms in Patients with Constipation- or Diarrhea-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).'' The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Volume 100 Issue 2 Page 383 - February 2005. * Choi, Y. ''Fats, Fructose May Contribute to IBS Symptoms.'' ACG 68th Annual Scientific Meeting: Abstract 21, presented Oct. 13, 2003; Abstract 547, presented Oct. 14, 2003. * Van Vorous, Heather. ''Eating for IBS''. 2000. ISBN 1-56924-600-9. Excerpted with author's permission at [http://www.HelpForIBS.com/ Help for Irritable Bowel Syndrome] (see IBS Diet Section) * Whorwell, PJ. ''Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: time for reappraisal.'' Lancet. 1994 Jul 2;344(8914):39-40. == Pranala jaba == * [http://www.medicastore.com/diare/ Jangan Menganggap Remeh Diare!] * {{en}} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11100619&dopt=Abstract Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy.] 1: ''Bull. World Health Organ.'' 2000;78(10):1246-55. * {{en}} [http://rehydrate.org/diarrhoea/index.html Rehydration Project] * {{id}} [http://www.namabayionline.com/2011/03/yang-wajib-anda-ketahui-tentang-diare.html Tentang diare] [[Kategori:Gastroenterologi]] [[Kategori:Gejala penyakit]] [[ang:Meteūtsiht]] [[ar:إسهال]] [[ast:Foria]] [[ay:Jiphilla jaqukipata]] [[az:Diarreya]] [[bg:Диария]] [[bn:উদরাময়]] [[ca:Diarrea]] [[ckb:سکچوون]] [[cs:Průjem]] [[cy:Dolur rhydd]] [[da:Diarre]] [[de:Durchfall]] [[dv:ބޭރަށް ހިންގުން]] [[en:Diarrhea]] [[eo:Diareo]] [[es:Diarrea]] [[fa:اسهال]] [[fi:Ripuli]] [[fr:Diarrhée]] [[gd:Buinneach]] [[gl:Diarrea]] [[gu:અતિસાર]] [[he:שלשול]] [[hi:अतिसार]] [[hr:Proljev]] [[hu:Hasmenés]] [[id:Diare]] [[is:Niðurgangur]] [[it:Diarrea]] [[ja:下痢]] [[kk:Тышқақ]] [[ko:설사]] [[la:Alvei profluvium]] [[ln:Pulúpulú]] [[lt:Viduriavimas]] [[lv:Caureja]] [[ml:അതിസാരം]] [[ms:Diarea]] [[my:ဝမ်းလျှောခြင်း]] [[ne:पखाला]] [[nl:Diarree]] [[nn:Diaré]] [[no:Diaré]] [[oc:Diarrèa]] [[pl:Biegunka]] [[pt:Diarreia]] [[qu:Q'icha]] [[ro:Diaree]] [[ru:Диарея]] [[scn:Cacaredda]] [[sh:Proljev]] [[si:පාචනය]] [[simple:Diarrhea]] [[sk:Hnačka]] [[sl:Driska]] [[so:Shuban]] [[sq:Diarreja]] [[sr:Дијареја]] [[su:Diaré]] [[sv:Diarré]] [[ta:வயிற்றுப்போக்கு]] [[te:అతిసారం]] [[tr:İshal]] [[uk:Діарея]] [[ur:اسہال]] [[vi:Tiêu chảy]] [[zh:腹瀉]] [[zh-min-nan:Làu-sái]]

Diare: Béda antarané révisi